{"id":37475,"date":"2024-04-18T07:44:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-18T06:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/?p=37475"},"modified":"2024-04-18T07:44:02","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T06:44:02","slug":"consejos-practicos-sobre-el-manejo-de-nulls-en-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/consejos-practicos-sobre-el-manejo-de-nulls-en-postgresql\/","title":{"rendered":"Consejos Pr\u00e1cticos sobre el Manejo de NULLs en PostgreSQL"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"37475\" class=\"elementor elementor-37475\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fab7be1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fab7be1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd623c0\" data-id=\"cd623c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dea2445 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dea2445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La afirmaci\u00f3n <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00abun valor booleano deber\u00eda contener solo dos valores, Verdadero o Falso\u00bb<\/strong><\/span>, es generalmente aceptada. Sin embargo, a veces se pasa por alto el hecho de que el valor podr\u00eda estar ausente por completo.<\/p><p>En las <strong>bases de datos<\/strong>, esta ausencia se suele almacenar como <em><strong>NULL.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>En este art\u00edculo, mostraremos <strong>c\u00f3mo identificar estos valores nulos<\/strong>, <strong>c\u00f3mo utilizarlos correctamente<\/strong> y proporcionar\u00e9 algunos consejos basados en mi experiencia personal para <em><strong>el manejo de NULLs en PostgreSQL<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p><p>Es importante tener en cuenta que no solo los <em><strong>booleanos<\/strong><\/em> pueden contener valores <em><strong>NULL,<\/strong><\/em> sino que tambi\u00e9n todas las <em>columnas<\/em> donde no se define una restricci\u00f3n (<em>constraint<\/em>) <em><strong>NOT NULL<\/strong><\/em> pueden tenerlos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84d2d0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-ccee508 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-widget:not(.elementor-widget__width-auto):not(.elementor-widget__width-initial):not(:last-child):not(.elementor-absolute){--kit-widget-spacing:1px;}.elementor-widget-image .widget-image-caption{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-80149f2 img{height:85px;object-fit:cover;object-position:center center;}.elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-80149f2:not( .elementor-widget-image ), .elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-80149f2.elementor-widget-image img{-webkit-mask-image:url( https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/mask-shapes\/circle.svg );-webkit-mask-size:contain;-webkit-mask-position:center center;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;}.elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2109b1e > 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-0a32de7 .elementor-icon-list-icon i{color:#000000;transition:color 0.3s;}.elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0a32de7 .elementor-icon-list-icon svg{fill:#000000;transition:fill 0.3s;}.elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0a32de7{--e-icon-list-icon-size:13px;--e-icon-list-icon-align:left;--e-icon-list-icon-margin:0 calc(var(--e-icon-list-icon-size, 1em) * 0.25) 0 0;--icon-vertical-align:center;--icon-vertical-offset:0px;margin:0px 0px calc(var(--kit-widget-spacing, 0px) + 0px) 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;width:100%;max-width:100%;}.elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0a32de7 .elementor-icon-list-item > .elementor-icon-list-text, .elementor-30519 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0a32de7 .elementor-icon-list-item > a{font-family:\"Work Sans\", Sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-weight:500;text-transform:capitalize;line-height:16px;letter-spacing:1px;}.elementor-30519 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rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/postgresql-16-liberado\/\" target=\"_blank\">PostgreSQL 16 Liberado!<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items 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26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">108 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/postgresql-16-liberado\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/postgresql-16-liberado\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">108 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/postgresql-16-liberado\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0dc579 elementor-section-full_width articulo elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0dc579\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad1acbf\" data-id=\"ad1acbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d731b21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d731b21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manejo de NULLs en PostgreSQL<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61c10e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61c10e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vamos a empezar desde lo m\u00e1s b\u00e1sico: tenemos una <strong>base de datos<\/strong> <strong>PostgreSQL<\/strong>\u00a0y una <strong><em>tabla<\/em><\/strong> llamada <em><strong>\u00abusuarios\u00bb,<\/strong><\/em> que crearemos con la siguiente estructura:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff594da elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"ff594da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>CREATE TABLE usuarios (\r\n    id_usuario SERIAL,\r\n    nombreusuario TEXT PRIMARY KEY,\r\n    nombres TEXT,\r\n    apellidos TEXT,\r\n    edad INT\r\n);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a809f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a809f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2752.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2752\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc0OTIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzUyLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2752.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37492\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2752.jpg 800w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2752-300x89.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2752-768x228.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ebeab8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ebeab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ingresemos algunas lineas de datos en la <em>tabla <strong>usuarios<\/strong><\/em> apenas creada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75bfa39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"75bfa39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario, nombres, apellidos, edad) VALUES\r\n    ('bfea', 'Betty', 'La Fea', 25),\r\n    ('amendoza','Armando', 'Mendoza', 35),\r\n    ('mavale','Marcela', 'Valencia', 45),\r\n    ('jrambo','John','Rambo',38);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dcb276 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3dcb276\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2753.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2753\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc0OTksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzUzLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"794\" height=\"135\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2753.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37499\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2753.jpg 794w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2753-300x51.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2753-768x131.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f80a751 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f80a751\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al realizar una <em><strong>consulta de datos (query)<\/strong><\/em>, se muestra la <em>tabla<\/em> con todas las <em>columnas<\/em> completas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d3726a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0d3726a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2754.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2754\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MDAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzU0LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"175\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2754.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37500\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2754.jpg 797w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2754-300x66.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2754-768x169.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e29c633 elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"e29c633\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-25845 post-25845 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-postgresql category-sql\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/comandos-basicos-de-sql-postgresql-primeros-pasos\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-13912\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png 900w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/lenguajes-de-programacion\/sql\/\" rel=\"tag\">SQL<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/comandos-basicos-de-sql-postgresql-primeros-pasos\/\" target=\"_blank\">Comandos B\u00e1sicos de SQL &#8211; PostgreSQL Primeros Pasos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/comandos-basicos-de-sql-postgresql-primeros-pasos\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">248 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/comandos-basicos-de-sql-postgresql-primeros-pasos\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/comandos-basicos-de-sql-postgresql-primeros-pasos\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">248 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/comandos-basicos-de-sql-postgresql-primeros-pasos\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4338fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d4338fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ingreso de valores NULLs<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a712f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a712f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ahora, intentemos insertar algunos valores <em><strong>NULL<\/strong><\/em> en las <em>columnas<\/em> <strong>nombres, apellidos<\/strong> y <strong>edad:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a95e360 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"a95e360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario,nombres,apellidos,edad) \nVALUES ('prueba',NULL, NULL, NULL);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a8ac2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45a8ac2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esto funciona porque no tenemos ninguna restricci\u00f3n <strong><em>(constraint)<\/em><\/strong> definida. Si volvemos a consultar los datos ingresados, veremos que las <em>columnas<\/em> en las que hemos introducido <strong>NULL<\/strong> no muestran ning\u00fan valor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5991586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5991586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2755.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2755\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MDQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzU1LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2755.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37504\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2755.jpg 800w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2755-300x90.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2755-768x230.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18d3483 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18d3483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Incluso podemos simplificar la inserci\u00f3n indicando solo las <em>columnas<\/em> a las que queremos asignar un valor, obteniendo el mismo resultado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7f6464 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"c7f6464\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario) VALUES ('prueba_02'),('prueba_03');<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-107ade7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"107ade7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2756.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2756\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MDUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzU2LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2756.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37505\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2756.jpg 798w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2756-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2756-768x243.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b0978 elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"66b0978\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-26180 post-26180 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-postgresql category-ubuntu\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-14-a-15\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-13912\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png 900w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/linux\/ubuntu\/\" rel=\"tag\">Ubuntu<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-14-a-15\/\" target=\"_blank\">Actualizar PostgreSQL 14 a 15 en UBUNTU Server<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-14-a-15\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">382 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-14-a-15\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-14-a-15\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">382 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-14-a-15\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03144b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03144b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manejo de NULLs - Ingresando los valores NULLs<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c1732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54c1732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El primer paso para prevenir la presencia de valores <em><strong>NULLs<\/strong><\/em> en una <em>tabla<\/em> es <strong>prohibir su inserci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p><p>A continuaci\u00f3n, analizamos algunas situaciones sobre <strong>c\u00f3mo evitar la inserci\u00f3n de NULLs<\/strong> en <em>columnas<\/em> nuevas y en las ya existentes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8685e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ed8685e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Insertar NULLs en la clave primaria (Primary Key).<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-154a124 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"154a124\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfEs posible insertar un NULL en la clave primaria de la tabla?<\/strong> <\/span><\/p><p>En teor\u00eda, esto podr\u00eda permitirse ya que no hay una restricci\u00f3n <strong>(<em>constraint<\/em>) NOT NULL<\/strong> expl\u00edcita en la <em>columna.<\/em><\/p><p>Hagamos la prueba:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6808016 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"6808016\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario) VALUES (NULL);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad88de3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad88de3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El comando correctamente escrito deber\u00eda funcionar, sin embargo, da como resultado un <em><strong>mensaje de error<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7108e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e7108e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2757.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2757\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MTIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzU3LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"795\" height=\"78\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2757.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37512\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2757.jpg 795w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2757-300x29.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2757-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0af0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d0af0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><em>Hemos llegado a nuestra primera conclusi\u00f3n:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c266db1 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"c266db1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Las claves primarias (<strong><i>PRIMARY KEY<\/i><\/strong>) son, por defecto, <strong>NOT NULL<\/strong>.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bfaba8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0bfaba8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Crear una nueva columna con la restricci\u00f3n (<i>constraint<\/i>) NOT NULL.<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b45edc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b45edc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Si intentamos agregar una nueva <em>columna<\/em> a la <em>tabla<\/em> de nuestro ejemplo, misma que llamaremos <em><strong>puntaje,<\/strong><\/em> y especificamos que no debe contener valores <strong>NULL<\/strong> usando el siguiente comando:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a6f531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"7a6f531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>ALTER TABLE usuarios ADD COLUMN puntaje integer NOT NULL;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ca51e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ca51e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El comando devolver\u00e1 un error porque los datos previamente insertados no tienen ning\u00fan valor asociado para la columna <em><strong>\u00abpuntaje\u00bb.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414a088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"414a088\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2758.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2758\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MjIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzU4LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"795\" height=\"62\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2758.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37522\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2758.jpg 795w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2758-300x23.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2758-768x60.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ee90b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8ee90b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Para prevenir este problema, deber\u00edamos crear la nueva columna especificando un valor <em><strong>predeterminado<\/strong><\/em> (<em><strong>DEFAULT<\/strong><\/em>).<\/p><p>El comando ser\u00eda el siguiente:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f865a4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"f865a4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>ALTER TABLE usuarios ADD COLUMN puntaje integer NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-679d7de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"679d7de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2759.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2759\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MjMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzU5LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2759.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37523\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2759.jpg 799w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2759-300x94.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2759-768x240.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-464a107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"464a107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como se puede observar en la <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-la-captura-de-pantalla-en-windows\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>captura de pantalla<\/strong><\/a> anterior, la <em>tabla<\/em> ha sido modificada y ahora todas las <em>filas<\/em> existentes tienen un valor igual a <em><strong>&#8216;zero&#8217;<\/strong><\/em> en la columna <em><strong>puntaje.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>Si intentamos insertar una nueva <em>fila<\/em> sin especificar la <em>columna <strong>puntaje <\/strong><\/em>notaremos que si se logra ingresar y viene asignado el valor predeterminado establecido.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f0ce8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"7f0ce8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario) VALUES ('simon10');<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba9460b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ba9460b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2760.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2760\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MjQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzYwLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2760.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37524\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2760.jpg 797w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2760-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2760-768x257.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec0ee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eec0ee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Veamos qu\u00e9 sucede si intentamos ingresar un valor <strong><em>nulo<\/em><\/strong> en la <em>columna <strong>puntaje.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>Hagamos la prueba para averiguarlo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b5b428 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"1b5b428\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario,puntaje) VALUES ('teresa22',NULL);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a085cd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a085cd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2761.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2761\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MjUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzYxLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"73\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2761.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37525\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2761.jpg 798w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2761-300x27.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2761-768x70.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a12759b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a12759b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recibimos, <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>ERROR: el valor nulo en la columna <em>\u00abpuntaje\u00bb<\/em> de la relaci\u00f3n <em>\u00abusuarios\u00bb<\/em> viola la restricci\u00f3n de no nulidad<\/strong><\/span>, lo que indica que nuestro <strong>INSERT<\/strong> est\u00e1 incumpliendo la restricci\u00f3n <strong>NOT NULL.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c53580 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"5c53580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Establecer una restricci\u00f3n <strong><i>NOT<\/i> NULL<\/strong> no permite insertar valores nulos.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a2cfdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a2cfdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adem\u00e1s, seg\u00fan lo que hemos constatado, podemos llegar a una <strong>tercera conclusi\u00f3n<\/strong>:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d140037 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"d140037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Cuando deseamos a\u00f1adir una columna <strong><i>NOT NULL<\/i><\/strong> a una tabla existente con datos, es necesario especificar el valor predeterminado (<strong><i>DEFAULT<\/i><\/strong>) para las filas que han sido creadas antes.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3279ae3 elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"3279ae3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-26106 post-26106 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-postgresql category-ubuntu\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-en-ubuntu-server\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-13912\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png 900w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/linux\/ubuntu\/\" rel=\"tag\">Ubuntu<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-en-ubuntu-server\/\" target=\"_blank\">Actualizar PostgreSQL en UBUNTU Server<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-en-ubuntu-server\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">347 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-en-ubuntu-server\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-en-ubuntu-server\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">347 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/actualizar-postgresql-en-ubuntu-server\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-818690f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"818690f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Agregar una restricci\u00f3n NOT NULL a una columna existente<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e25962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e25962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Si intentamos cambiar una <em>columna<\/em> existente (<em>por ejemplo<\/em>, <strong><em>nombres)<\/em><\/strong> para agregar la restricci\u00f3n <strong>NOT NULL<\/strong>, obtenemos: <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">ERROR: la <em>columna \u00abnombres\u00bb<\/em> de la relaci\u00f3n <em>\u00abusuarios\u00bb<\/em> contiene valores nulos<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84b2a97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"84b2a97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>ALTER TABLE usuarios ALTER COLUMN nombres SET NOT NULL;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dabfa40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dabfa40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2762.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2762\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MzIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzYyLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"795\" height=\"59\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2762.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37532\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2762.jpg 795w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2762-300x22.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2762-768x57.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7be5b9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7be5b9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Por lo tanto, tambi\u00e9n es necesario modificar los valores <em><strong>nulos<\/strong><\/em> actuales (<em>y posiblemente establecer un valor predeterminado<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee44104 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"ee44104\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>ALTER TABLE usuarios\r\n    ALTER COLUMN nombres TYPE TEXT USING (COALESCE(nombres, 'Juan')),\r\n    ALTER COLUMN nombres SET DEFAULT 'Juan',\r\n    ALTER COLUMN nombres SET NOT NULL\r\n    ;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f717d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f717d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2763.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2763\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1MzMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzYzLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"127\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2763.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37533\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2763.jpg 797w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2763-300x48.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2763-768x122.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ab7306 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ab7306\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Con el <em>comando<\/em> anterior hemos:<\/p><ul><li>Modificamos el <strong><em>tipo de datos<\/em><\/strong> de la <em>columna,<\/em> volvi\u00e9ndola a definir como <strong>TEXT,<\/strong> y aplicamos la funci\u00f3n <em><strong>COALESCE(nombre, &#8216;Juan&#8217;)<\/strong><\/em>, que sustituye los <strong><em>valores<\/em> <em>nulos<\/em><\/strong> en el campo <em><strong>\u00abnombres\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> con <em><strong>\u00abJuan\u00bb.<\/strong><\/em><\/li><li>Establecimos el valor predeterminado para la <em>columna <strong>\u00abnombres\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> como <em><strong>\u00abJuan\u00bb.<\/strong><\/em> Esto no es estrictamente necesario.<\/li><li>Aplicamos la restricci\u00f3n <strong>NOT NULL,<\/strong> y esta vez sin obtener un <em><strong>mensaje de error<\/strong><\/em> ya que no quedan <strong><em>valores nulos<\/em><\/strong> en la <em>columna.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f07d6f6 elementor-alert-warning elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"f07d6f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">NOTA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">El m\u00e9todo anterior puede bloquear toda la tabla hasta que se complete la tarea. Una alternativa m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida podr\u00eda ser dividir la funci\u00f3n <strong>COALESCE(nombre, 'Juan')<\/strong> en una actualizaci\u00f3n independiente y luego aplicar las restricciones <strong>NOT NULL<\/strong> y <strong>DEFAULT<\/strong> en la instrucci\u00f3n <strong>ALTER TABLE<\/strong>, reduciendo as\u00ed el tiempo de bloqueo de la tabla.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-968186b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"968186b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Los resultados coinciden con lo esperado: no hay <em><strong>valores nulos<\/strong><\/em> en la <em>columna <strong>nombres,<\/strong><\/em> ya que han sido reemplazados por <em><strong>&#8216;Juan&#8217;.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d68015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d68015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2764.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2764\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1NDMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzY0LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"230\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2764.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37543\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2764.jpg 796w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2764-300x87.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2764-768x222.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0017b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0017b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Si deseamos eliminar la restricci\u00f3n <strong>NOT NULL<\/strong> de una <em>columna,<\/em> podemos lograrlo con el siguiente comando:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b76f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"78b76f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>ALTER TABLE usuarios\r\nALTER COLUMN nombres DROP NOT NULL\r\n;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238f076 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"238f076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Si queremos a\u00f1adir una columna <strong>NOT NULL<\/strong> a una tabla existente, es necesario ajustar los valores <strong>NULL<\/strong> actuales y, opcionalmente, definir un valor predeterminado (<strong>DEFAULT<\/strong>) para las nuevas filas que se ingresen.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c8a69 elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"e3c8a69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-23712 post-23712 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-bases-de-datos category-postgresql\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/que-es-un-esquema-en-postgresql\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1120\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/PostgreSQL_new.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37477\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/PostgreSQL_new.jpg 1120w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/PostgreSQL_new-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/PostgreSQL_new-1024x549.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/PostgreSQL_new-768x411.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1120px) 100vw, 1120px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/\" rel=\"tag\">Bases de Datos<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/que-es-un-esquema-en-postgresql\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 es un Esquema en PostgreSQL?<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/que-es-un-esquema-en-postgresql\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">936 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/que-es-un-esquema-en-postgresql\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/que-es-un-esquema-en-postgresql\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">936 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/que-es-un-esquema-en-postgresql\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25c0280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25c0280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00bfEs suficiente con el uso de \"DEFAULT\"?<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a20aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a20aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 sucede si omitimos la restricci\u00f3n NOT NULL y simplemente establecemos un valor predeterminado?<\/strong> <\/em><\/span><\/p><p>Probemos creando una nueva <em>columna<\/em> a la que llamaremos <em><strong>\u00abprimer_ingreso\u00bb,\u00a0<\/strong><\/em> y veamos como queda nuestra <em>tabla<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d41e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"b2d41e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>ALTER TABLE usuarios\nADD COLUMN primer_ingreso DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a7917b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4a7917b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2765.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2765\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1NTYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzY1LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2765.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37556\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2765.jpg 797w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2765-300x108.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2765-768x278.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24bbca8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24bbca8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como podemos observar en el ejemplo, la <em>columna <strong>primer_ingreso<\/strong><\/em> fue rellenada con la <em><strong>fecha de hoy<\/strong><\/em> en todas las <em>filas<\/em> de la <em>tabla.<\/em><\/p><p>Si intentamos agregar una nueva <em>fila<\/em> sin especificar un valor para <em><strong>primer_ingreso,<\/strong><\/em> se le asignar\u00e1 autom\u00e1ticamente el <em><strong>d\u00eda de hoy<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e37877 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"3e37877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario) VALUES ('piguave01');<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb9db56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fb9db56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2766.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2766\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1NTcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzY2LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2766.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37557\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2766.jpg 797w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2766-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2766-768x273.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9e772d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9e772d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como se demuestra, la <em><strong>nueva fila<\/strong><\/em> se inserta correctamente con un valor <em><strong>no nulo<\/strong><\/em> en la <em>columna <strong>primer_ingreso.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>Entonces, <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfes realmente necesario indicar la restricci\u00f3n NOT NULL?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>La respuesta es <strong>S\u00cd,<\/strong> ya que se podr\u00edan insertar <strong><em>valores nulos<\/em><\/strong> especific\u00e1ndolos expl\u00edcitamente en la instrucci\u00f3n <strong>INSERT<\/strong> como se demuestra a continuaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660c62a elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"660c62a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>INSERT INTO usuarios (nombreusuario, primer_ingreso)\nVALUES ('piguave02',NULL);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd70fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4cd70fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2767.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2767\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1NjEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzY3LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"306\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2767.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37561\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2767.jpg 799w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2767-300x115.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2767-768x294.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-402a599 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"402a599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como se observa en la <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-la-captura-de-pantalla-en-windows\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>captura de pantalla<\/strong><\/a> anterior, se logr\u00f3 ingresar una nueva <em>fila<\/em> con un valor <strong>NULL<\/strong> para la <em>columna <strong>primer_ingreso.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0d8dab elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"f0d8dab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">El valor predeterminado evitar\u00e1 que se inserten valores nulos solo si el <strong>NULL<\/strong> no est\u00e1 especificado en la columna de destino. Para hacer cumplir el valor predeterminado, necesitamos una restricci\u00f3n <strong>NOT NULL<\/strong> expl\u00edcita.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6405ffd elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"6405ffd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-14988 post-14988 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-bases-de-datos category-postgresql category-windows category-windows-server\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-server\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-13912\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png 900w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/\" rel=\"tag\">Bases de Datos<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/windows-server\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows Server<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-server\/\" target=\"_blank\">C\u00f3mo Instalar PostgreSQL en Windows Server<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-server\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">419 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-server\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-server\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">419 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-server\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eb4d85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2eb4d85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manejo de NULLs - Consultando valores NULLs<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c73ca5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c73ca5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la secci\u00f3n anterior, exploramos <strong><em>c\u00f3mo evitar almacenar valores nulos<\/em><\/strong> en nuestros sistemas.<\/p><p>Pero, <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfqu\u00e9 sucede si necesitamos manejar los valores nulos existentes en una columna?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>En este caso, podemos emplear algunas <strong>funciones SQL<\/strong> para detectar esos valores y modificarlos seg\u00fan sea necesario.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31703a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31703a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Detectar valores nulos con la clausula IS NULL (isnull)<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d59112a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d59112a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La cl\u00e1usula <strong>IS NULL<\/strong> <em>(que tambi\u00e9n se puede escribir como <strong>ISNULL<\/strong><\/em>) nos permite manipular las <em>filas<\/em> que puedan contener <em><strong>valores nulos<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p><p>Por ejemplo:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb30d28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"cb30d28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT * FROM usuarios WHERE apellidos ISNULL;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7861ac1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7861ac1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2768.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2768\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1ODAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzY4LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"207\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37580\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2768.jpg 799w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2768-300x78.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2768-768x199.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e5e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3e5e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como se observa, se ha mostrado la lista de <em>filas<\/em> que contienen <strong><em>valores nulos<\/em><\/strong> en la <em>columna <strong>apellidos.<\/strong><\/em> Una lista\u00a0 con valores opuestos se podr\u00eda recuperar aplicando la cl\u00e1usula <strong>IS NOT NULL<\/strong>:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc0af30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"bc0af30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT * FROM usuarios WHERE apellidos IS NOT NULL;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7ac953 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e7ac953\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2769.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2769\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1ODEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzY5LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"173\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2769.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37581\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2769.jpg 799w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2769-300x65.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2769-768x166.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-763c49d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"763c49d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 sucede si intentamos usar la comparaci\u00f3n igual (=)?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-378b229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"378b229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT * FROM usuarios WHERE apellidos = NULL;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5421b4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5421b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2770.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2770\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1ODUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzcwLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"113\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2770.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37585\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2770.jpg 796w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2770-300x43.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2770-768x109.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1c8c3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1c8c3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <strong><em>consulta<\/em> <em>anterior<\/em><\/strong> no devuelve ninguna <em>fila<\/em> porque el valor <strong>NULL<\/strong> indica que no hay ning\u00fan valor y no es igual a ning\u00fan otro valor (<strong><em>NULL=NULL es Falso<\/em><\/strong>).<\/p><p>Adem\u00e1s, si aplicamos el operador de desigualdad (<em><strong>&lt;&gt;<\/strong><\/em>) con <strong>NULL,<\/strong> tambi\u00e9n obtenemos <strong>NINGUNA<\/strong> <em>fila,<\/em> ya que el valor <strong>NULL<\/strong> indica que no hay ning\u00fan valor y, por lo tanto, no es ni igual ni diferente a otros valores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-634739d elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"634739d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT * FROM usuarios WHERE apellidos <> NULL;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac702e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ac702e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2771.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2771\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1ODYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzcxLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"107\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2771.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37586\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2771.jpg 798w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2771-300x40.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2771-768x103.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479d6b1 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"479d6b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Para identificar valores nulos, siempre debemos utilizar <strong>IS NULL<\/strong>; y <strong>IS NOT NULL<\/strong> para recuperar las filas sin valores nulos.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-144392e elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"144392e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-13563 post-13563 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-bases-de-datos category-linux category-postgresql category-windows\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-configurar-acceso-remoto-postgresql\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1120\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-39007\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post.png 1120w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post-1024x549.png 1024w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post-768x411.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1120px) 100vw, 1120px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/\" rel=\"tag\">Bases de Datos<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/linux\/\" rel=\"tag\">Linux<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-configurar-acceso-remoto-postgresql\/\" target=\"_blank\">C\u00f3mo Configurar Acceso Remoto PostgreSQL<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-configurar-acceso-remoto-postgresql\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">3.656 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-configurar-acceso-remoto-postgresql\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-configurar-acceso-remoto-postgresql\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">3.656 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-configurar-acceso-remoto-postgresql\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b74a57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b74a57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asignar un valor predeterminado a NULL utilizando la funci\u00f3n COALESCE<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a419e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05a419e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el ejemplo anterior, aprendimos <em><strong>c\u00f3mo detectar valores nulos<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 sucede si necesitamos incluirlos en una instrucci\u00f3n SELECT junto con otros valores?<\/strong> <\/em><\/span><\/p><p>Podemos agregar una condici\u00f3n <strong>OR<\/strong> de la siguiente manera:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24e6b07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"24e6b07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT * FROM usuarios\r\nWHERE apellidos = 'Valencia' OR apellidos IS NULL ;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-212402b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"212402b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tambi\u00e9n podemos aplicar una transformaci\u00f3n para reemplazar los <em><strong>valores nulos<\/strong><\/em> con un valor con el que podamos comparar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4f5461 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"e4f5461\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT * FROM usuarios\r\nCOALESCE(apellidos,'Piguave') in ('Piguave', 'Valencia');<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80a3e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80a3e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Los dos ejemplos anteriores dan el mismo resultado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c37536 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4c37536\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2772.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2772\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc1OTMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzcyLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2772.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37593\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2772.jpg 800w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2772-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2772-768x399.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a5cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al optar por la segunda alternativa, es crucial verificar que <em><strong>&#8216;Piguave&#8217;<\/strong><\/em> (<em>la etiqueta asignada a los valores nulos<\/em>) no est\u00e9 presente en la <em>columna,<\/em> o bien, que sea un valor que deseamos incorporar en nuestra selecci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5870f1a elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"5870f1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Al emplear <strong>COALESCE<\/strong>, es importante verificar que el valor que se utilizar\u00e1 como sustituto de <strong>NULL<\/strong> no est\u00e9 ya presente en la tabla y que no contradiga la l\u00f3gica del proceso. De lo contrario, podr\u00edas involuntariamente incluir en el filtro valores adicionales a los esperados.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f340de elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"3f340de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-13509 post-13509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-bases-de-datos category-postgresql category-windows-11\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-11\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-13912\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png 900w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/\" rel=\"tag\">Bases de Datos<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/windows-11\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows 11<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-11\/\" target=\"_blank\">C\u00f3mo Instalar PostgreSQL en Windows 11<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-11\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">1.238 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-11\/#comments\">2 comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-11\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">1.238 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows-11\/#comments\">2 <\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8cd26c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e8cd26c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Operaciones matem\u00e1ticas con NULLs<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8581 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9eb8581\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un caso similar se presenta cuando debemos realizar c\u00e1lculos sobre una <em>columna<\/em> que admite <em><strong>valores <\/strong><strong>nulos<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p><p>Por ejemplo, consideremos la <em>columna<\/em> <em><strong>edad:<\/strong><\/em> <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfqu\u00e9 ocurre si deseamos calcular la edad promedio?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Examinemos los datos:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dd52eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2dd52eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2773.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2773\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MDAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzczLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"794\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2773.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37600\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2773.jpg 794w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2773-300x88.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2773-768x226.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2bd31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2bd31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Podemos realizar el calculo de la <strong>edad promedio<\/strong> con el siguiente comando:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5f7a6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"f5f7a6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT AVG(edad) FROM usuarios ;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b7b9da elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0b7b9da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2774.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2774\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MDEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzc0LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"126\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2774.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37601\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2774.jpg 793w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2774-300x48.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2774-768x122.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ecdcce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ecdcce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esto da como resultado <em><strong>35.75,<\/strong><\/em> que es el promedio de las <em><strong>4 edades NO NULAS<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p><p>Del mismo modo, si consideramos la <em>columna <strong>primer_ingreso<\/strong><\/em> con el comando:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c21c636 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"c21c636\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT COUNT(primer_ingreso) FROM usuarios ;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad1fe54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad1fe54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2775.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2775\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MDIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzc1LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"124\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2775.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37602\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2775.jpg 798w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2775-300x47.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2775-768x119.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bb5b24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bb5b24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El resultado es <strong>9<\/strong>, representando una fila por cada usuario con un\u00a0 valor para <em><strong>primer_ingreso<\/strong><\/em> distinto de <strong><em>nulo.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-442898c elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"442898c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 8<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">\u00a1Al realizar operaciones matem\u00e1ticas con columnas nulas, solo se procesar\u00e1n los valores <strong>NO NULOS<\/strong>!<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbfc4fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbfc4fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 ocurre si intentamos calcular el puntaje promedio?<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Para ello, primero actualicemos la <em>tabla<\/em> asignando a <strong>&#8216;simon10&#8217;<\/strong> un <strong><em>puntaje<\/em><\/strong> de <strong><em>45 puntos<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-261e39f elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"261e39f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>UPDATE usuarios SET puntaje = 45 WHERE nombreusuario = 'simon10' ;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f31dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5f31dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Procedemos a calcular el <strong><em>puntaje<\/em><\/strong> promedio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922c57c elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"922c57c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT AVG(puntaje) FROM usuarios ;<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-795b5f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"795b5f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2776.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2776\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MDksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzc2LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"128\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2776.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37609\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2776.jpg 797w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2776-300x48.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2776-768x123.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2637d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2637d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El resultado es <em><strong>4.5,<\/strong><\/em> que representa el <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_(matem%C3%A1ticas)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>promedio matem\u00e1tico <\/strong><\/a>entre los <strong>45<\/strong> puntos de <strong><em>&#8216;simon10&#8217;<\/em><\/strong> y los <em><strong>ceros<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0del resto, dado que previamente establecimos <em><strong>cero<\/strong><\/em> como valor predeterminado.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfEs esto correcto?<\/strong><\/span> <strong><em>\u00a1Depende!<\/em><\/strong> Si nuestra intenci\u00f3n era calcular el <em><strong>promedio<\/strong> <strong>de puntos<\/strong><\/em> \u00fanicamente de usuarios activos, este c\u00e1lculo podr\u00eda resultar enga\u00f1oso.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6637919 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"6637919\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 9<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Las operaciones matem\u00e1ticas con columnas nulas se ven afectadas por el valor predeterminado de la columna, lo que influye en los resultados obtenidos.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77f7e elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"7f77f7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;30519&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"30519\" class=\"elementor elementor-30519 e-loop-item e-loop-item-10309 post-10309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-bases-de-datos category-postgresql category-windows category-windows-10 category-windows-11\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98493d2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98493d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccee508\" data-id=\"ccee508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80149f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80149f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-un-backup-de-postgresql-en-windows\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1120\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-39007\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post.png 1120w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post-1024x549.png 1024w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgres_post-768x411.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1120px) 100vw, 1120px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/\" rel=\"tag\">Bases de Datos<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/windows-10\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows 10<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/windows-11\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows 11<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-un-backup-de-postgresql-en-windows\/\" target=\"_blank\">C\u00f3mo Hacer un Backup de PostgreSQL en Windows<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-un-backup-de-postgresql-en-windows\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">2.588 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-un-backup-de-postgresql-en-windows\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-un-backup-de-postgresql-en-windows\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">2.588 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-hacer-un-backup-de-postgresql-en-windows\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1945cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a1945cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Joins con columnas NULL<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de05873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de05873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Considerando lo que aprendimos previamente sobre la distinci\u00f3n de <strong>NULL<\/strong> con respecto a otros valores, es crucial prestar mayor atenci\u00f3n al tratar con <em><strong>columnas nulas<\/strong><\/em> al momento de realizar <strong>JOINS.<\/strong><\/p><p>Crearemos otra <em>tabla<\/em> llamada <em><strong>\u00abreuniones\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> e insertaremos algunos datos.<\/p><p>Por una raz\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica en este caso, el dise\u00f1o de esta <em>tabla<\/em> nos obligar\u00e1 a realizar una uni\u00f3n <em><strong>(JOIN)<\/strong><\/em> con la <em>tabla <strong>\u00abusuarios\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> en la <em>columna<strong>\u00abapellidos\u00bb,<\/strong><\/em> la cual acepta valores <strong>NULL.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88833cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"88833cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>CREATE TABLE reuniones (id_reunion SERIAL, apellidos TEXT, horario TIMESTAMP);\r\n\r\nINSERT INTO reuniones (apellidos, horario) VALUES\r\n    ('Valencia', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '1 day'),\r\n    ('Mendoza', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '1 day'*2),\r\n    ('Rambo', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '1 day'*2),\r\n    ('Rambo', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),\r\n    (NULL, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),\r\n    (NULL, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '1 day'*2),\r\n    (NULL, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '1 day'*2),\r\n    (NULL, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '1 day'*1),\r\n    (NULL, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8cafc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a8cafc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2778.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2778\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MTEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzc4LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2778.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37611\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2778.jpg 798w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2778-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2778-768x410.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aae5d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aae5d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Si deseamos contar los <strong><em>usuarios<\/em><\/strong> que tienen una <strong><em>reuni\u00f3n<\/em><\/strong> en cada d\u00eda, podr\u00edamos escribir la consulta siguiente:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbec77a elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"dbec77a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM horario), COUNT(distinct nombreusuario) \r\nFROM reuniones \r\nJOIN usuarios ON reuniones.apellidos=usuarios.apellidos\r\nGROUP BY EXTRACT(DAY FROM horario);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a97320 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0a97320\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2779.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2779\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MTIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzc5LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2779.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37612\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2779.jpg 800w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2779-300x79.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2779-768x203.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affc24b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"affc24b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No obstante, el resultado solo muestra <strong>4 reuniones<\/strong>.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 ocurre esto?<\/strong><\/span> Una vez m\u00e1s, se debe a los <strong><em>valores<\/em> NULL<\/strong> en la condici\u00f3n del <strong>JOIN.<\/strong><\/p><p>Este problema de baja calidad de datos en ambas partes del <strong>JOIN<\/strong> nos impide obtener un n\u00famero \u00fatil.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00bfC\u00f3mo podr\u00edamos solucionarlo?<\/strong><\/span> La soluci\u00f3n radica en modificar la estructura de la <em>tabla <strong>reuniones<\/strong><\/em> para utilizar <em><strong>nombreusuario<\/strong><\/em> en lugar de los <em><strong>apellidos,<\/strong><\/em> adem\u00e1s de definir una clave for\u00e1nea (<em><strong>FOREIGN KEY<\/strong><\/em>) adecuada hacia la tabla de <em><strong>usuarios.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86fe4d1 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"86fe4d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 10<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Unir tablas sin gestionar adecuadamente los valores <strong>NULL<\/strong> en las columnas implicadas puede afectar los resultados al reducir el n\u00famero de filas incluidas en la uni\u00f3n (<strong>JOIN<\/strong>).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21f44f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21f44f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Si buscamos una soluci\u00f3n simple, podr\u00edamos aplicar <em><strong>COALESCE<\/strong><\/em> en ambos lados de la uni\u00f3n:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff94a6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"ff94a6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM horario), COUNT(distinct nombreusuario) \r\nFROM reuniones\r\nJOIN usuarios ON COALESCE(reuniones.apellidos, 'SinApellido') = COALESCE(usuarios.apellidos, 'SinApellido')\r\nGROUP BY EXTRACT(DAY FROM horario);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-127c1f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"127c1f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2780.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2780\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MTksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzgwLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2780.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37619\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2780.jpg 799w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2780-300x83.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2780-768x213.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-096301e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"096301e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El resultado muestra un incremento en el recuento de <strong><em>reuniones.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Sin embargo, esta a\u00fan no es la respuesta correcta, ya que observamos que se est\u00e1n agregando <strong><em>18 reuniones,<\/em><\/strong> mientras que originalmente solo se mostr\u00f3 <em><strong>4 reuniones<\/strong><\/em> en la <em>tabla<\/em> de <em><strong>reuniones.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 ocurre esto?<\/strong><\/em> Se debe a que ahora hemos convertido todos los <strong><em>valores<\/em> NULL<\/strong> en <em><strong>\u00abSinApellido\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> en ambos lados de la uni\u00f3n <em><strong>(JOIN).<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>Dado que ten\u00edamos <em><strong>5 reuniones<\/strong><\/em> sin apellido y <em><strong>6 usuarios<\/strong><\/em> sin apellido, estamos generando una <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Producto_cartesiano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>uni\u00f3n cartesiana<\/strong><\/a> de todos los apellidos vac\u00edos con las reuniones vac\u00edas.<\/p><p>Hab\u00edamos identificado los siguientes usuarios <strong><em>sin<\/em> <em>apellidos:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49098eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"49098eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2781.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2781\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MjMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzgxLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"202\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2781.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37623\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2781.jpg 800w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2781-300x76.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2781-768x194.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a612579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a612579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adem\u00e1s las siguientes reuniones <em><strong>sin apellidos<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f58ee0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f58ee0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2782.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2782\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MjcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzgyLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2782.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37627\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2782.jpg 796w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2782-300x72.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2782-768x183.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6103b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6103b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cada <strong><em>reuni\u00f3n<\/em><\/strong> se asoci\u00f3 con cada <strong><em>usuario,<\/em><\/strong> lo que gener\u00f3 un exceso de <strong><em>reuniones.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Una soluci\u00f3n m\u00e1s adecuada podr\u00eda ser atribuir todas las <strong><em>reuniones<\/em><\/strong> con valor <em><strong>NULL<\/strong><\/em> a un \u00fanico <strong><em>usuario<\/em><\/strong> ficticio denominado <em><strong>NoUsuario.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fa1e00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-code-highlight\" data-id=\"5fa1e00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"code-highlight.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"prismjs-okaidia copy-to-clipboard \">\n\t\t\t<pre data-line=\"\" class=\"highlight-height language-sql \">\n\t\t\t\t<code readonly=\"true\" class=\"language-sql\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<xmp>SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM horario), COUNT(distinct COALESCE(nombreusuario,'NoUsuario'))\r\nFROM reuniones \r\nLEFT OUTER JOIN usuarios ON reuniones.apellidos = usuarios.apellidos\r\nGROUP BY EXTRACT(DAY FROM horario);<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d1b4a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d1b4a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2783.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"blog_2783\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mzc2MjgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9xdWlrZS5pdFwvZXNcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8zXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvYmxvZ18yNzgzLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"205\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2783.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37628\" alt=\"manejo de NULLs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2783.jpg 796w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2783-300x77.jpg 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/04\/blog_2783-768x198.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4376e22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4376e22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sin embargo, intentar resolver problemas de <em>calidad de datos<\/em> durante la consulta rara vez es una estrategia eficaz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f325072 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"f325072\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">conclusi\u00f3n # 11<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\">Solucionar problemas de calidad de datos asociados con columnas que contienen valores NULL durante la consulta es una estrategia arriesgada. La resoluci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de un dise\u00f1o apropiado de tablas y restricciones permite mantener la integridad de los datos en las tablas.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64f93f7 elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"64f93f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-13912\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1.png 900w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/07\/Postgresql_frame1-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2109b1e\" data-id=\"2109b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a68f7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"26a68f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"categorias-post\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dfd774d elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/\" rel=\"tag\">Bases de Datos<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/bases-de-datos\/postgresql\/\" rel=\"tag\">PostgreSQL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/category\/informatica\/sistemas-operativos\/windows\/windows-10\/\" rel=\"tag\">Windows 10<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed9e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"top-post\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows\/\" target=\"_blank\">C\u00f3mo Instalar PostgreSQL en Windows 10<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714486b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"714486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">1.580 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows\/#respond\">sin comentarios<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a32de7 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0a32de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-book-reader\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M352 96c0-53.02-42.98-96-96-96s-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96 96-42.98 96-96zM233.59 241.1c-59.33-36.32-155.43-46.3-203.79-49.05C13.55 191.13 0 203.51 0 219.14v222.8c0 14.33 11.59 26.28 26.49 27.05 43.66 2.29 131.99 10.68 193.04 41.43 9.37 4.72 20.48-1.71 20.48-11.87V252.56c-.01-4.67-2.32-8.95-6.42-11.46zm248.61-49.05c-48.35 2.74-144.46 12.73-203.78 49.05-4.1 2.51-6.41 6.96-6.41 11.63v245.79c0 10.19 11.14 16.63 20.54 11.9 61.04-30.72 149.32-39.11 192.97-41.4 14.9-.78 26.49-12.73 26.49-27.06V219.14c-.01-15.63-13.56-28.01-29.81-27.09z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">1.580 lecturas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-comments\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 192c0-88.4-93.1-160-208-160S0 103.6 0 192c0 34.3 14.1 65.9 38 92-13.4 30.2-35.5 54.2-35.8 54.5-2.2 2.3-2.8 5.7-1.5 8.7S4.8 352 8 352c36.6 0 66.9-12.3 88.7-25 32.2 15.7 70.3 25 111.3 25 114.9 0 208-71.6 208-160zm122 220c23.9-26 38-57.7 38-92 0-66.9-53.5-124.2-129.3-148.1.9 6.6 1.3 13.3 1.3 20.1 0 105.9-107.7 192-240 192-10.8 0-21.3-.8-31.7-1.9C207.8 439.6 281.8 480 368 480c41 0 79.1-9.2 111.3-25 21.8 12.7 52.1 25 88.7 25 3.2 0 6.1-1.9 7.3-4.8 1.3-2.9.7-6.3-1.5-8.7-.3-.3-22.4-24.2-35.8-54.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/como-instalar-postgresql-en-windows\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abc82f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"abc82f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusi\u00f3n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d99df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d99df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La gesti\u00f3n de <em><strong>valores nulos<\/strong><\/em> en las <strong>bases de datos<\/strong> es crucial para mantener la integridad y la precisi\u00f3n de los datos.<\/p><p>Hemos explorado <em><strong>c\u00f3mo los valores nulos pueden afectar las operaciones de consulta<\/strong><\/em> y c\u00f3mo enfrentar estas eventualidades mediante estrategias como el uso de <strong>COALESCE,<\/strong> el dise\u00f1o adecuado de tablas y restricciones.<\/p><p>Es importante reconocer que resolver problemas de calidad de datos en el momento de la consulta puede ser peligroso, y es preferible implementar soluciones estructurales desde el dise\u00f1o inicial de la <strong>base de datos<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Al hacerlo, podemos garantizar la fiabilidad y consistencia de los datos a lo largo del tiempo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La afirmaci\u00f3n \u00abun valor booleano deber\u00eda contener solo dos valores, Verdadero o Falso\u00bb, es generalmente aceptada. Sin embargo, a veces se pasa por alto el hecho de que el valor podr\u00eda estar ausente por completo. En las bases de datos, esta ausencia se suele almacenar como NULL. En este art\u00edculo, mostraremos c\u00f3mo identificar estos valores [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":37477,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bases-de-datos","category-postgresql"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Consejos Pr\u00e1cticos sobre el Manejo de NULLs en PostgreSQL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"..c\u00f3mo utilizarlos correctamente y proporcionar\u00e9 algunos consejos basados en mi experiencia personal para el manejo de NULLs en PostgreSQL.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/consejos-practicos-sobre-el-manejo-de-nulls-en-postgresql\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Consejos Pr\u00e1cticos sobre el Manejo de NULLs en PostgreSQL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"..c\u00f3mo utilizarlos correctamente y proporcionar\u00e9 algunos consejos basados en mi experiencia personal para el manejo de NULLs en PostgreSQL.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/quike.it\/es\/consejos-practicos-sobre-el-manejo-de-nulls-en-postgresql\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"El BLOG de Enrique V\u00e1squez B.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/zeven.sa.1\" \/>\n<meta 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